Dog Toys Guide
Durability
You'll want to select toys that are made with high-quality materials to ensure they can withstand the playtime antics of your furry friend. Look for toys that are labeled as "tough" or "indestructible" and are specifically designed to withstand heavy chewing. For example, the 'KONG Classic Dog Toy' is constructed from ultra-durable rubber that is built to withstand the toughest chewers. It is also designed with an unpredictable bounce to keep your dog engaged during playtime. Another option is the 'Goughnuts Indestructible Chew Toy', which is designed for power chewers and made with a reinforced natural rubber core. For aggressive chewers, the 'West Paw Zogoflex Hurley Dog Bone' is a great choice, as it is made from a non-toxic and extremely durable plastic material that can withstand even the most vigorous chewing. Remember, when it comes to durability, it's important to choose toys that are specifically designed to stand up to your dog's chewing strength.
Chew resistance
Look for toys made from durable materials, like nylon or rubber, that are designed to withstand heavy chewing. One excellent option is the KONG Extreme Dog Toy, which is made from ultra-strong rubber that can withstand bites and damage. Another great choice is the West Paw Zogoflex Hurley Dog Bone, made from a tough and pliable material that can handle even the most determined chewers. Both of these toys offer long-lasting durability and are designed to provide hours of chewing enjoyment for your furry friend.
Size appropriate for the dog
A toy that is too small or too large can pose a risk to your dog's safety and enjoyment. Small dogs, such as Pomeranians or Chihuahuas, require toys that are small in size so that they can properly chew and interact with them. For example, the Kong Toys for Small Dogs are designed specifically for small breeds and offer just the right size for their tiny mouths. On the other hand, large breed dogs like Labrador Retrievers or German Shepherds need toys that are bigger and sturdier to withstand their stronger chews. The Petstages Dogwood Stick is excellent for larger dogs as it comes in different sizes, making it appropriate for various breeds. By ensuring the appropriate size, you can keep your pup entertained and eliminate any potential safety concerns.
Material safety
Look for toys made from non-toxic materials that won't pose a health risk to your furry friend. A great example is the Kong Classic Dog Toy
, which is made from natural rubber that is free from harmful chemicals. This durable toy is perfect for medium to strong chewers. Another option is the Benebone Real Flavor Wishbone Chew Toy, which is made from nylon and infused with real ingredients like bacon, chicken, or peanut butter. This toy is designed to be long-lasting and satisfy your pup's chewing instincts. When it comes to plush toys, go for ones made with heavy-duty and non-toxic materials like ZippyPaws Squeaky Plush Toy. This adorable toy is made with soft yet durable fabric and squeaks to entice your dog's playfulness.
Non-toxic materials
Since dogs have a tendency to chew and play with their toys extensively, it is important to ensure that the toys are made with safe materials. One such product that meets this requirement is the 'KONG Classic Dog Toy'. Made from natural rubber, this toy is not only durable but also ensures that your dog stays safe during playtime. Another great option is the 'West Paw Zogoflex Hurley Dog Bone', which is made from FDA-approved, non-toxic materials that are free from phthalates, latex, and BPA, giving you peace of mind when it comes to your dog's health and safety. Both of these toys are tested to be pet-safe and offer various sizes to accommodate different dog breeds.
Ease of cleaning
Look for toys that are easy to clean and maintain to ensure your furry friend's safety and health. One such product that ticks this box and is highly recommended is the 'KONG Classic Dog Toy'. This popular toy is made from durable rubber, which is not only easy to clean but also resistant to bites and scratches. Another option worth considering is the 'Outward Hound Hide-A-Squirrel Puzzle Toy'. Made with washable plush material, this toy allows for easy cleaning, ensuring that your dog's playtime remains hygienic and free from dirt or bacteria buildup. Keep in mind that some toys may be machine washable, while others require hand washing, so carefully review the product specifications to determine what suits your cleaning routine.
Squeaky
Squeaky toys can provide hours of entertainment and amusement for dogs of all sizes and breeds. One example of a high-quality squeaky dog toy is the KONG Plush Frog Dog Toy. This toy features an internal squeaker that adds an extra level of excitement during playtime. Made with soft yet durable materials, it's perfect for gentle chewers. For more heavy chewers, the Outward Hound Invincibles Gecko Plush Toy is a great option. Designed with squeakers that continue to squeak even if they get punctured, this toy offers lasting fun and durability.
Other groups of squeaky toys are interactive puzzle toys, such as the Nina Ottosson Outward Hound Dog Brick Puzzle Toy which combines mental stimulation and squeaky fun. For small breeds, the ZippyPaws Skinny Peltz No Stuffing Squeaky Plush Toy is a top pick. Featuring 3 squeakers and a soft plush design, it's perfect for small dogs who love noise-filled playtime. For larger breeds with more aggressive chewers, the West Paw Design Zogoflex Hurley Durable Dog Bone Chew Toy is an excellent choice. With a strong squeaker incorporated in a tough, yet flexible material, this toy is designed to withstand intense chewing and provide squeaky fun.
Interactive
For instance, the 'KONG Classic Dog Toy' is a popular choice known for its durability and versatility. It is made from natural rubber and features a hollow center that can be filled with treats or kibble to keep your dog engaged. Additionally, the 'Outward Hound Hide-A-Squirrel Puzzle Toy' is a great option to challenge your dog's problem-solving skills. This interactive toy contains a plush tree trunk and several squeaky squirrels that your dog needs to remove, providing hours of entertainment and mental stimulation.
Other options in the interactive dog toy category include automated toys such as the 'iFetch Interactive Ball Launcher', which allows your dog to play fetch on their own by dropping the ball into the top of the machine and watching it launch. Additionally, puzzle toys like the 'Nina Ottosson Dog Tornado Puzzle Toy' offer different levels of difficulty to keep your dog's mind sharp. These toys have rotating layers that can be filled with treats, requiring your dog to figure out how to spin and unlock the compartments.
Floating
Floating toys are perfect for dogs who love water or enjoy playing in pools, lakes, or rivers. One great option to consider is the KONG Aqua Dog Toy. This toy is made from a durable rubber material that floats on water, making it ideal for water retrieval games. Another excellent choice is the Chuckit! Amphibious Bumper Dog Toy. This toy is designed to float in water, perfect for playing fetch in the pool or at the beach. Both of these toys are specifically designed to be buoyant and allow for endless hours of fun in the water.
Fetching
Look for toys that are made of tough materials such as rubber or nylon, which are resistant to chewing and are less likely to break. The size of the toy should be appropriate for your dog's breed and size to ensure they can easily pick it up and carry it back. Additionally, consider toys that have a design that promotes easier retrieval, such as a built-in handle or a ball shape.
One of the recommended toys for Fetch is the 'KONG Classic Dog Toy'. It is made from natural rubber that can withstand hours of play and chewing. Its unique shape and bounce keep dogs engaged and excited during retrieval. Another excellent option is the 'Chuckit! Ultra Ball', which is designed specifically for fetching. It boasts high bounce and unmatched durability, thanks to its sturdy rubber construction. The ball's bright colors also make it easily visible both for your dog and yourself during play. Both of these toys are great choices for a fun and energetic game of Fetch.
Puzzle toy
Puzzle toys are a great option for dogs that require mental stimulation and enjoy problem-solving activities. These toys typically offer different levels of difficulty to keep your dog engaged and challenged. One example of a puzzle toy is the Outward Hound Nina Ottosson Dog Brick Interactive Toy. It has removable bone pieces that allow you to customize the difficulty level, perfect for dogs of varying intelligence. Another option is the KONG Wobbler Treat Dispensing Dog Toy, which dispenses treats as your dog rolls it around. This toy not only provides mental stimulation but also rewards your dog's efforts. If you're looking for a more advanced puzzle toy, the Trixie Flip Board Strategy Game offers multiple compartments and different knobs, levers, and flaps to uncover treats. This toy is designed to challenge even the cleverest of dogs and keep them entertained for hours.
Treat-dispensing
Treat-dispensing toys are designed with a hollow space or compartments where you can hide treats, keeping your dog engaged and motivated while trying to access the reward. These toys are great for mental stimulation and can help alleviate boredom and destructive tendencies.
One popular treat-dispensing toy on the market is the Kong Classic Dog Toy
. This toy is made from durable rubber, making it long-lasting and suitable for heavy chewers. It has a hollow center where you can stuff treats or even freeze peanut butter, providing hours of entertainment for your dog. Another option to consider is the Omega Paw Tricky Treat Ball. This toy allows you to adjust the difficulty level by controlling the size of the holes where treats are dispensed, challenging your dog's problem-solving skills.
Tug-of-war
One excellent option is the KONG Tug Toy Dog Tug, which is made of durable rubber material and has reinforced nylon handles to prevent tearing during intense play. Another high-quality choice is the GoughNuts Tug Dog Toy, known for its tough, natural rubber construction that can withstand even the strongest dogs. For smaller dogs, the West Paw Zogoflex Tug-O-War Dog Toy is a great option, as it offers a softer texture yet remains extremely durable. Remember to always supervise your dog while playing tug-of-war to prevent any accidents.
Rope
Look for ropes that are made from high-quality, non-toxic materials to ensure the safety of your furry friend. One great example is the KONG Cotton Rope Tug Dog Toy. Made from durable, natural cotton, this rope toy is designed for interactive play and features a knotted construction that makes it perfect for tug-of-war. It comes in multiple sizes, making it suitable for both small and large dogs.
Another good option is the Nylabone DuraChew Textured Ring Dog Toy. While not a traditional rope toy, it is made from tough nylon material with textured ends that provide a satisfying chewing experience. It is designed to promote healthy chewing habits and help reduce destructive behavior. The unique shape also allows for interactive play and mental stimulation. Available in multiple sizes, this toy is suitable for all dogs, including aggressive chewers.
For puppies who are teething or older dogs with sensitive gums, the KONG Puppy Teething Stick Dog Toy is a great choice. This rope toy is made from a gentle, yet durable, material that is soft on the teeth and gums. It features a unique, knotted design that helps clean teeth and soothe sore gums. The toy also has a dental feature, with grooves that can be filled with peanut butter or Kong Easy Treat, to encourage longer playtime and keep your dog engaged.
In summary, when choosing a rope toy for your dog, consider factors such as size, durability, and material. Look for products like the KONG Cotton Rope Tug Dog Toy, Nylabone DuraChew Textured Ring Dog Toy, and KONG Puppy Teething Stick Dog Toy that are designed to meet your dog's specific chewing needs and provide hours of interactive play.
Sturdy stitching
This refers to the quality of the sewing that holds the toy together, ensuring durability and preventing it from unraveling or falling apart too easily. Look for toys that have reinforced, double-stitched seams or extra layering to withstand rough play. One excellent option is the KONG Classic Dog Toy, known for its strong, puncture-resistant rubber material and strong stitching that can endure heavy chewing. Another great choice is the Benebone Wishbone Durable Dog Chew Toy, which boasts heavy-duty nylon construction combined with reinforced stitching, making it tough enough for even the most aggressive chewers. In the plush toy segment, the Outward Hound Invincibles Dog Toy range stands out with its reinforced double-layered seams that are designed to withstand rough play and biting, making them perfect for interactive playtime with your furry friend.
Multi-textured
Multi-textured toys can provide a variety of sensory experiences for your furry friend and engage their natural instinct to chew and play. Look for toys that have different textures, such as ribbed, smooth, and knotted areas. Kong Bounzer is an excellent example of a multi-textured toy as it features a ridged exterior and a squeaker inside for added stimuli. Another great option is Chuckit! Ultra Tug Dog Toy, which has a combination of smooth rubber and nylon rope for interactive play and tugging. Additionally, Outward Hound Invincibles Gecko
offers multiple textures, including plush belly with soft fabric scales, to entice and entertain your dog during playtime. These toys provide the perfect touch and feel experience for your pup, making playtime even more enjoyable and engaging.
Dental cleaning
These toys are typically made from durable materials and have unique features to help remove plaque and tartar buildup. One excellent option is the Kong Dental Chew Toy, which is made from puncture-resistant rubber and has grooves that effectively clean teeth and gums. Another popular choice is the Nylabone Dura Chew Toy, which is made from tough nylon to withstand heavy chewing and has ridges that help scrub away plaque. For even more targeted dental care, the Vet's Best Dental Gel Toothpaste and Toothbrush Set includes a toothbrush and toothpaste formulated for dogs, facilitating regular brushing to keep teeth and gums healthy. Remember to always consult with your veterinarian to ensure the suitability of dental toys for your specific dog's needs.
Tossing
Firstly, you want to find toys that are durable and can withstand rough play. One great option is the KONG Classic Dog Toy, which is made from ultra-strong black rubber, perfect for tossing and retrieval games. This toy is also great for filling with treats, providing mental stimulation for your furry friend. Another excellent choice is the Chuckit! Classic Launcher, designed specifically for long-distance tossing. This launcher allows you to effortlessly throw tennis balls for your dog to chase, providing both entertainment and exercise.
In terms of segments, some dog toys are designed for smaller breeds or puppies, while others are more suitable for large and active dogs. For small dogs or puppies, the Outward Hound Hide A Squirrel Plush Dog Toy is an interactive toy that combines a stuffed log with adorable squirrel plush toys inside. This toy offers hours of tossing and playing fun, stimulating your pet's curiosity and mental engagement. On the other hand, for larger and more active dogs, a product like the West Paw Zogoflex Hurley Dog Bone could be ideal. This durable and versatile toy is designed for heavy chewers and can be tossed around for hours of interactive play.
Bouncing
Bouncing toys can provide a great source of entertainment and exercise for your furry friend, keeping them engaged and active. Look for toys that are specifically designed to bounce, such as the KONG Classic Dog Toy. This toy is made from durable rubber material and is designed to bounce unpredictably, providing endless entertainment for your dog. Another option is the Chuckit! Ultra Ball, which is made with a high-bounce rubber that keeps dogs engaged during fetch play. For smaller dogs, the ZippyPaws Squeakie Pad Toy is a great choice as it has a squeaker inside and is shaped like a pad, making it bounce in unpredictable and exciting ways. Overall, the bouncing factor in dog toys helps ensure that they can keep your pup entertained for hours.
Tugging
The Goughnuts Tug Interactive Dog Toy is a great option, as it is made from industrial-strength natural rubber and is designed with safety in mind, featuring a patented "chew-toy indicator" that informs you when it's time to replace the toy. Another excellent choice is the KONG Tug Toy
, constructed from highly durable nylon and featuring a rope that provides a comfortable grip for both you and your pup. These toys are specifically designed for tugging, ensuring a safe and engaging playtime with your furry friend.
Segmenting tugging toys further, we have rope toys, which are especially beneficial for dogs who love to chew as they naturally help clean teeth and massage gums. Popular options include the West Paw Design Zogoflex Bumi Tug-of-War Dog Toy, made from non-toxic, buoyant material that stretches to twice its length, and the Nylabone DuraChew Textured Ring
, built with textured ridges to promote dental health. For interactive tugging play, consider the Tug-a-Jug Dispensing Dog Toy by PETSAFE, where treats or kibble can be placed inside the jug, challenging your dog to figure out how to get them out while engaging in tugging fun. Remember to always supervise your dog during tugging play to prevent any accidents or toy degradation.
Boredom relief
One popular category for achieving this is interactive puzzle toys. These toys, such as the Outward Hound Interactive Puzzle Toy, require your dog to problem-solve and think to extract treats or complete a task. Another popular option is treat-dispensing toys like the Kong Classic Dog Toy
. These toys keep your dog entertained as they work to retrieve snacks from inside the toy, providing both mental stimulation and reward. Lastly, consider toys with different textures and materials, such as the Nylabone Dura Chew
. Designed with durable nylon material, this toy can help reduce boredom and satisfy your dog's desire to chew.
Mental stimulation
Dogs are intelligent animals that need mental exercise to keep them engaged and prevent boredom. Look for toys that provide a challenge and require problem-solving skills. One example is the 'KONG Classic Dog Toy', which is made of durable rubber and can be stuffed with treats to keep your dog entertained for hours. Another option is the 'Nina Ottosson Dog Smart Puzzle Toy', which is a interactive toy that requires your dog to work out how to access treats hidden inside compartments. For smaller breeds, the 'Outward Hound Hide-A-Squirrel Dog Toy' is a great choice. It features plush squirrels hidden inside a fabric tree trunk, providing mental stimulation and entertainment.
Exercise promotion
Look for toys that encourage physical activity to keep your furry friend active and engaged. The Chuckit! Classic Launcher is a great option for promoting exercise as it allows you to throw a tennis ball long distances without straining your arm, offering an extended playtime for fetching. For avid chewers, the KONG Extreme Dog Toy is a durable choice that serves as both a fetch toy to stimulate exercise and a chew toy for strong jaws. Another group of toys that promote exercise are puzzle toys, such as the Outward Hound Nina Ottosson Dog Smart Puzzle Toy, which engages your dog's problem-solving skills, keeping them mentally stimulated while they physically work to retrieve treats.
Indoor use
One important aspect is the material of the toy to ensure it is safe for indoor play and doesn't cause any damage to furniture or flooring. An excellent option for indoor play would be the 'KONG Classic Dog Toy', which is made of a durable rubber material that is gentle on your dog's teeth and gums. It also features a unique shape that allows for unpredictable bounce, making it more engaging and mentally stimulating for your dog. Another option is the 'Outward Hound Hide a Squirrel Plush Dog Toy
', which is a puzzle toy that engages your dog's natural hunting instincts. It consists of a plush tree trunk and squeaky plush squirrels that can be hidden inside the trunk, providing hours of entertainment for your dog. If you prefer a more interactive toy, the 'iFetch Interactive Ball Launcher' is a great choice. It automatically throws mini tennis balls for your dog to fetch, providing both mental and physical stimulation. These toys are specifically designed for indoor use and will keep your dog entertained and satisfied.
Outdoor use
Look for toys made from tough materials that can withstand rough play and extended exposure to the elements. One option to consider is the KONG Extreme Dog Toy, which is designed with ultra-strong black rubber to withstand the toughest chewers. It is also ideal for outdoor play as it can be filled with treats or kibble to keep your dog mentally stimulated. Another option is the Chuckit! Ultra Ball, which is made from high-quality rubber and is specially designed for outdoor play. It is not only durable, but also has a high bounce and is easy to clean after playtime. Remember to consider the size and age of your dog when choosing outdoor toys to ensure they are suitable for their play style and needs.
Weather-resistant
It is crucial to select toys that can withstand different weather conditions, whether it be rain, sun, or snow. Look for toys made from durable and weather-resistant materials, such as heavy-duty nylon or rubber, which can endure outdoor elements without getting damaged. A great product that meets this criteria is the KONG Extreme Dog Toy, which is made with ultra-strong rubber to withstand aggressive chewing and unpredictable weather. Another option is the Chuckit! Ultra Ball, a high-bouncing and durable ball that can float on water and withstand even the toughest weather conditions. Both of these toys are designed to be weather-resistant, which makes them ideal options for outdoor playtime.
Noise level
Some dogs are easily startled by loud or repetitive noises, while others may find them invigorating and stimulating. If your furry friend is sensitive to noise, opt for toys that produce minimal sound. One such example is the 'KONG Classic Dog Toy', which is made from durable rubber and designed to provide a satisfying chewing experience without making excessive noise. Another excellent choice is the 'Outward Hound Hide-A-Squirrel
', a plush toy that challenges your dog's intelligence as they have to search and dig out the squeaky squirrels without creating high-pitched noises. Consider these quieter options to ensure a stress-free and enjoyable playtime for your furry companion.
Age suitability
Puppies have different developmental needs compared to adult dogs, and their toys should align with those needs. Look for toys specifically designed for puppies, such as the 'KONG Puppy Dog Toy' made from durable, natural rubber that is gentle on young teeth and gums. For adult dogs, toys like the 'Nylabone Dura Chew Textured Dog Chew Toy' that is made to withstand powerful chewers would be a great choice. Additionally, senior dogs may benefit from softer toys like the 'Outward Hound Hide A Squirrel Fun Hide and Seek Plush Dog Toy', which provides mental stimulation for aging dogs. By choosing age-appropriate toys, you can ensure your furry friend enjoys playtime to the fullest while remaining safe and entertained.
Breed compatibility
Different dog breeds have varying temperaments and play styles, which should be taken into account to ensure the toy matches their needs. For example, small and toy breeds like Chihuahuas and Pomeranians require toys that are specially designed for their size and provide appropriate stimulation. The KONG Puppy Toy is a perfect option for small breeds as it is made of durable rubber and is soft on the pup's gums. On the other hand, larger and more active breeds such as Labrador Retrievers and Boxers need chew toys that can withstand their powerful jaws. The Goughnuts Maxx Stick is an excellent choice because it is designed to be virtually indestructible with its thick, natural rubber construction. Remember to select toys based on your dog's breed to ensure their individual needs are met and to enhance their playtime.
Scented
One example of a scented dog toy is the Outward Hound Invincibles Plush Snake Toy, which features a pleasant vanilla scent. This toy is made with multiple layers of durable material and includes squeakers that continue to squeak even if punctured, providing long-lasting entertainment for your dog. Another option is the KONG Puppy Rubber Chew and Treat Toy, which is not only scented with bacon but also acts as a chew toy and can be stuffed with treats to keep your pup mentally stimulated during play.
Taste-scented
These toys typically have a flavor or scent added to make them more enticing for dogs to play with. A great example of a taste-scented toy is the Benebone Real Flavor Wishbone Dog Chew Toy. This toy is made with real bacon flavor, giving it an irresistible aroma that dogs will love. Another option is the KONG Classic Dog Toy which is not only taste-scented but also has a unique shape and texture that provides a satisfying chewing experience for dogs. Additionally, Nylabone DuraChew X-Bone Power Chew Dog Toy is another excellent choice as it is taste-scented and made with durable nylon material, ensuring it will withstand the toughest chewers while still providing a savory bacon flavor. These taste-scented dog toys are not only enjoyable for dogs but they also serve as a distraction from destructive chewing behavior.
Size options
The size of the toy should be appropriate for your dog's breed and size to ensure safety during playtime. For smaller breeds, it's ideal to choose toys that are small enough for them to grip and carry easily, such as the KONG Classic Small or the Petstages Mini Dental Chew Toy which are designed for small dogs. Medium-sized breeds would enjoy toys like the Chuckit! Ultra Ball Medium which is the perfect size for fetching and interactive play. For larger breeds, it's important to find toys that can withstand their powerful chewing, such as the Goughnuts Indestructible Chew Toy or the Outward Hound Invincibles Snake Dog Toy, both specifically designed for tough and larger dogs.
Color options
Dogs have different color preferences, so it's essential to consider their specific liking. Many dog toys on the market come in a wide range of vibrant colors to cater to different dogs' preferences. For example, the KONG Classic Dog Toy is available in red, blue, and pink, offering attractive options for both bright and pastel-loving dogs. Similarly, the Chuckit! Flying Squirrel Fetch Toy features a combination of bright orange and teal colors, ensuring high visibility during outdoor play. Additionally, the Goughnuts Stick Dog Toy, available in green and yellow, offers a visually appealing option for dogs who are drawn to contrasting colors. Categorizing products by color can assist in finding the best fit for your dog's personal preference and elevate their interactive playtime enjoyment.
Price
There is a wide range of dog toys available on the market, catering to different budgets. For budget-conscious buyers, affordable options such as the KONG Squeezz Ball and Chuckit! Ultra Rubber Ball are highly recommended. Both toys are made with durable materials, ensuring longevity and value for money. Another cost-effective option is the Outward Hound Hide-A-Squirrel Puzzle Toy, which not only provides entertainment but also engages your furry friend in a stimulating mental exercise. Additionally, there are some premium options available, like the West Paw Zogoflex Bumi Tug-of-War Toy, which comes at a slightly higher price, but offers superior durability and a unique "S" shape design. Ultimately, choosing the right dog toy at a favorable price point depends on your individual budget and the preferences of your furry companion.
Variety of brands
Each brand offers its own unique set of advantages and disadvantages, making it essential to consider them before making a purchase. One notable brand is KONG, known for its durable and long-lasting toys. They are made from natural rubber, making them safe for dogs to chew on. Another popular brand is Outward Hound
, which offers a wide range of interactive toys designed to keep dogs mentally stimulated and entertained. Additionally, Nylabone is well-known for its chew toys, which help promote dental health by removing plaque and tartar from a dog's teeth.
Segmenting the dog toys market further, fetch toys are a popular category. Brands such as Chuckit! offer a variety of balls and launchers, perfect for playing an energetic game of fetch with your dog. Another category is plush toys, where brands like ZippyPaws
provide adorable squeaky toys that can keep dogs entertained. Treat-dispensing toys are another segment, with brands like Snuffle Mat creating engaging mats that can be filled with dry food or treats, encouraging dogs to work for their reward.
In summary, the market is filled with diverse brands offering a varied selection of dog toys. Considering the pros and cons of each brand can help you narrow down your choices and find the best toy for your furry friend.